Assessing Symptoms

Anticipating needs

A proactive and systematic approach to symptom assessment can help anticipate patient clinical needs and support care management.

Key points

Assess and manage holistically

Consider which problems most affect the person’s quality of life (physical, emotional, social, spiritual). Many symptoms are multifactorial, or occur in clusters, and some causes may be more or less reversible than others.

Manage pre-emptively

Given the nature of this person’s disease, consider what problems may need to be planned for, and ensure that essential medications can be accessed when they are needed.

As the person’s condition deteriorates, they will lose the ability to swallow. This can be sudden, and planning can ensure that the individual’s symptoms continue to be managed. To avoid delays, e.g. over a weekend, it is advisable to write up the medication and ensure that it is available within a facility prior to its being needed. This pre-emptive action is referred to as anticipatory prescribing.

Safer Care Victoria has developed guidance on Anticipatory medicines in palliative care.

Assess and reassess frequently

Consider using simple assessment tools such as the Symptom Assessment Scale (SAS), Distress thermometer (167kb), or a pain diary (101kb pdf) to screen for and monitor symptoms. Check for adverse effects of treatments, as well as benefits, regularly.

Assess whether problems are likely to be due to reversible or irreversible causes.
Consider and discuss the likely burden associated with various treatment options (cost, difficulty of undergoing investigations, realistic improvement that might be expected etc).
Consider both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management options.

Download the PCOC Symptom Assessment Scale (SAS) (172kb docx)

Symptom Assessment Scale (SAS)

If prescribing, ensure that medications are easily accessible and actually available in community pharmacies and are on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Using the Palliative Care Schedule of the PBS and/or providing authority scripts allows core palliative care medications to be prescribed in larger quantities, and may cost the patient less.

Medicines that are for symptom management may need to be switched to subcutaneous equivalents (eg, analgesics or antiepileptics).
For medications listed under the pharmaceutical benefits scheme see www.pbs.gov.au.
Note that some medicines in the prescribers bag can be useful in managing symptoms expected in the terminal phase.
Sometimes people can deteriorate suddenly. In this case anticipatory medicines may not have been arranged. The PBS prescriber bag list (183kb pdf) includes a number of medications that can be used to relieve symptoms in this situation.
There is a term called the prescribing cascade - when a new medicine is prescribed to 'treat' an adverse drug reaction associated with another medicine, in the mistaken belief that a new medical condition requiring treatment is present.